built-in function
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.11/library/functions.html
数学
abs
def abs(*args, **kwargs):
""" Return the absolute value of the argument. """
pass
def max(*args, key=None): # known special case of max
"""
max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
"""
pass
def min(*args, key=None): # known special case of min
"""
min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
"""
pass
def pow(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
"""
pass
def round(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
"""
pass
def sum(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers
When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may
reject non-numeric types.
"""
pass
def divmod(x, y): # known case of builtins.divmod
""" Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x. """
return (0, 0)
# 数学
print(abs(-2)) # 绝对值 2
print(divmod(20, 3)) # 求商和余数 (6, 2)
print(round(4.50), round(4.51)) # 4 5
print(pow(10, 2, 3)) # 第三个参数表示最后取余 1
print(sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], 10)) # 求和 65
print(min(5, 3, 9, 12, 7, 2, -10, key=abs)) # 求最小值 2
print(max(7, 3, 15, 9, 4, -13, key=abs)) # 求最大值 15
排序
def sorted(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.
A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.
"""
pass
注：
- 内置函数sorted会浅拷贝原序列然后排序并返回新的对象，list.sort()是在原地排序且返回
None - 内置类
reversed用于生成一个反向迭代器，而内置函数sorted或list.sort()的reverse是设置是否反向排序
解释器相关
def quit(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def license(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
contributors and the copyright notice.
"""
pass
def help(): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Define the builtin 'help'.
This is a wrapper around pydoc.help that provides a helpful message
when 'help' is typed at the Python interactive prompt.
Calling help() at the Python prompt starts an interactive help session.
Calling help(thing) prints help for the python object 'thing'.
"""
pass
def exit(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def copyright(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
contributors and the copyright notice.
"""
pass
def credits(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
contributors and the copyright notice.
"""
pass
# 帮助
help(str)
类型判断
def isinstance(x, A_tuple): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.
"""
pass
def issubclass(x, A_tuple): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.
A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
or ...``.
"""
pass
def callable(i_e_, some_kind_of_function): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.
"""
pass
进制
def bin(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
Return the binary representation of an integer.
>>> bin(2796202)
'0b1010101010101010101010'
"""
pass
def oct(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
Return the octal representation of an integer.
>>> oct(342391)
'0o1234567'
"""
pass
def hex(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.
>>> hex(12648430)
'0xc0ffee'
"""
pass
# 进制转换
print(bin(10)) # 二进制 0b1010
print(hex(10)) # 十六进制 0xa
print(oct(10)) # 八进制 0o12
编码
def ascii(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \\x, \\u or \\U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
"""
pass
def ord(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string. """
pass
def chr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff. """
pass
# 编码相关
print(ord('a'))
print(chr(97))
print(ord('蛇'))
print(chr(34503))
print(ascii('\n'), ascii('发')) # 是ascii码中的返回该值 不是就返回u
编译、调试、执行
def breakpoint(*args, **kws): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
breakpoint(*args, **kws)
Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws). sys.breakpointhook() must accept
whatever arguments are passed.
By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.
"""
pass
def compile(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
编译源码为可以被exec或者eval执行的代码对象
Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
"""
pass
def eval(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
在全局和局部上下文中执行给定的源码，接受compile返回的代码对象或者一个字符串表示的表达式
Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
"""
pass
def exec(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
在全局和局部上下文中执行给定的源码，接受compile返回的代码对象或者一个字符串biao
Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
The closure must be a tuple of cellvars, and can only be used
when source is a code object requiring exactly that many cellvars.
"""
pass
code = """
for i in range(3):
print(i)
"""
com = compile(code, "", "exec") # 一次编译，多次运行，直接执行默认进行编译，多次执行就进行多次编译，compile可以减少编译次数
exec(com)
exec("""
c = 10
def func():
print("此处函数调用虽然PyCharm会报红但是执行是没问题的")
""")
func() # 此处函数调用虽然PyCharm会报红但是执行是没问题的
print(c) # 10
输入、输出、格式化
def input(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
trailing newline before reading input.
If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On *nix systems, readline is used if available.
"""
pass
def format(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return value.__format__(format_spec)
format_spec defaults to the empty string.
See the Format Specification Mini-Language section of help('FORMATTING') for
details.
"""
pass
def print(self, *args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None): # known special case of print
"""
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
sep
string inserted between values, default a space.
end
string appended after the last value, default a newline.
file
a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
flush
whether to forcibly flush the stream.
"""
pass
def open(file, mode='r', buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None,
closefd=True): # known special case of open
"""
Open file and return a stream. Raise OSError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
(For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
unspecified.) The available modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'x' create a new file and open it for writing
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
* Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
"block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
* "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
for binary files.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
to the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
similar to passing None).
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
"""
pass
迭代器
def aiter(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object. """
pass
def anext(aiterator, default=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
async anext(aiterator[, default])
Return the next item from the async iterator. If default is given and the async
iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopAsyncIteration.
"""
pass
def iter(source, sentinel=None): # known special case of iter
"""
iter(iterable) -> iterator
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator
Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
"""
pass
def next(iterator, default=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
next(iterator[, default])
Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator
is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
"""
pass
def len(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return the number of items in a container. """
pass
def any(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return False.
"""
pass
def all(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return True.
"""
pass
iterator = iter([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(next(iterator))
hash与id
def hash(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the hash value for the given object.
Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.
"""
pass
def repr(obj): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.
"""
pass
def id(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the identity of an object.
This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)
"""
pass
属性
def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v``
"""
pass
def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
"""
pass
def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
"""
getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
"""
pass
def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y``
"""
pass
def globals(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current
global scope and vice-versa.
"""
pass
def locals(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in
the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not
covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.
"""
pass
def vars(p_object=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
vars([object]) -> dictionary
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
"""
return {}
def dir(p_object=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
dir([object]) -> list of strings
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
"""
return []
模块与类
def __build_class__(func, name, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
__build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
"""
pass
def __import__(A_B, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Import a module.
Because this function is meant for use by the Python
interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use
importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.
The globals argument is only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...``, or an
empty list to emulate ``import name``.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. The level argument is used to determine whether to
perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
"""
pass
# 模块
sys = __import__('sys') # 动态导入模块import
print(sys.path)